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世界上最著名又最不幸的巨轮，可能非泰坦尼克号莫属了。这艘当时最大最豪华，号称永不沉没的梦幻之船，首航就撞上冰山沉没，导致1514人罹难，成为近代历史上最严重的和平时期船难。在整个事件中最让人诟病的，就是其救生艇不够，一旦发生事故，20艘救生艇只能承载一半的人。
Theres this moment in James Camerons 1997 blockbuster, Titanic, where Kate Winslets character, Rose, notices something about the lifeboats that ends up being kind of important...
在詹姆斯·卡梅隆 1997 年的大片《泰坦尼克号》中有这样一个场景，凯特·温斯莱特饰演的角色注意到救生艇的一些问题，在最后变得极为重要......
"It seems that there are not enough for everyone aboard."
“看来救生艇不够运载船上的每个人。”
To which Victor Garber, who played Titanics architect Thomas Andrews, responds in a flawless Irish accent:
扮演泰坦尼克号造船家汤玛斯·安德鲁斯的维克多·贾博用完美的爱尔兰口音回应：
"I have built a good ship, strong and true.
“我建造了一艘很棒的船，坚固耐用。
Shes all the lifeboat you need."
这艘船就是你需要的救生艇。”
Since the viewer already knows how this story ends...
由于观众已经知道这个故事的结局....
This line comes off as either tragic arrogance or some sort of bad joke.
所以这个台词要么是悲剧的傲慢自大，要么是某种糟糕的笑话。
But its central to understanding how the Titanic was designed... and how it all went wrong.
但它对于理解泰坦尼克号的设计方式至关重要……以及这一切是如何出错的。
The Titanic actually had more lifeboats than was required by British law.
泰坦尼克号上其实上拥有比英国法律要求更多的救生艇。
The Merchant Shipping Act of 1894 required that big ships — those weighing over 10,000 tons have at least 16 lifeboats that could hold 990 people.
1894 年的《商船法》要求大型船舶——重量超过 10000 吨的船舶至少配备 16 艘可容纳 990 人的救生艇。
Ships only got bigger and bigger from there, but the minimum didnt change.
从那时起，船只越造越大，但救生船的最低数量却没有改变。
When the Titanic first launched in 1911, the ship weighed over 45,000 tons, but still only needed 16 lifeboats by law.
泰坦尼克号于 1911 年首次下水时，船重超过 45000 吨，但仍只需要 16 艘法律规定的救生艇。
Titanic had 20, which, if filled to maximum capacity could carry a total of 1,178 people.
泰坦尼克号有 20 艘，如果满载，总共可以搭载 1178 人。
Nowhere near enough to accommodate the approximate 2,240 passengers and crew on board when the ship sank.
当船沉没时，这些救生艇根本无法容纳船上大约 2240 名的乘客和船员。
But at least from a design perspective, the builders of the Titanic had every reason to believe that they had constructed the safest passenger ship the world had ever seen.
但至少从设计的角度来看，泰坦尼克号的建造者完全有理由相信他们建造了世界上最安全的客轮。
"Shes all the lifeboats you need."
“这艘船就是你需要的救生艇。”
This line might be made up for the movie but its how people talked about the Titanic even after it went down.
这句台词可能是为了电影而编造出来的，但即使在泰坦尼克号沉没之后，人们也是这样谈论它的。
Lets unpack what that means.
让我们来解读一下这表示什么。
The Titanic was designed to stay afloat even after taking on serious damage.
泰坦尼克号的设计目的是即使在遭受严重损坏后也能保持漂浮状态。
The bottom of the ship was divided into 16 compartments by these partitions called bulkheads.
船底被这些称为舱壁的隔板分成 16 个舱室。
If the ships hull was breached, these compartments could be sealed off from each other with the flick of a switch that closed watertight doors connecting them.
如果船体被破坏，只需轻按一个开关，关闭连接它们的水密门，这些隔间就可以相互密封。
Once sealed off, the water in the affected compartments would rise to the height of the sea called the waterline but prevent the rest of the ship from flooding.
一旦被封住，受影响的舱室中的水将上升到称为吃水线的海面高度，但会防止船的其余部分被淹没。
The idea was that the giant ocean liner even after taking on water would still be the safest place to wait as lifeboats methodically ferried passengers to a rescue ship.
这个想法是，即使在进水后，这艘巨型远洋客轮仍然是最安全的等待地点，因为救生艇有条不紊地将乘客运送到救援船上。
This bulkhead plus lifeboat strategy had worked successfully just a couple of years earlier when a ship accidentally rammed straight into the side of the RMS Republic.
几年前，当一艘船不小心直接撞到英国邮轮共和国号的一侧时，这种舱壁加救生艇的策略就成功地发挥了作用。
Newspaper diagrams from 1909 showed how the Republic was ripped wide open, and where it was taking on water.
1909 年的报纸图表显示了共和国号的船体是怎样被撞裂的的，以及哪里进水。
But the crew remained calm and didnt evacuate the ship right away.
但船员们保持冷静，没有立即撤离船上的人员。
Their confidence was due in large part to a brand new piece of technology they had on board: the Marconi Wireless Telegraph system.
他们的信心在很大程度上归功于他们拥有的一项全新技术：马可尼无线电报系统。
When the Republic was hit, its telegraph operator tapped out the Morse code signal C-Q-D, the distress call that later became SOS to all nearby ships.
当共和国号被击中时，它的电报员发出了摩斯电码信号 C-Q-D，这个求救信号后来变成了向附近所有船只发出的求救信号。
A few hours later, a rescue ship arrived and the crew carefully transferred everyone off the Republic in small groups using lifeboats.
几个小时后，一艘救援船抵达，船员们小心翼翼地使用救生艇将所有人分成小组转撤离共和国号。
The Republic eventually sank but except for six people killed in the initial collision, every single person on board was saved.
共和国号最终沉没了，但除了在最初的碰撞中死亡的六人之外，船上的每一个人都获救了。
The Republic was the first shipwreck to make use of a wireless distress signal and its operator was hailed as a hero.
共和国号是第一艘利用无线求救信号的遇难船，而其电报员被誉为英雄。
This incident seemed to prove that on the busy North Atlantic route with other ships always nearby,
这件事似乎证明，在繁忙的北大西洋航线上，其他船只总是在附近，
a combination of careful ship design and this miraculous piece of new technology had made disasters at sea a thing of the past.
精心设计的船舶与这项奇迹般的新技术相结合，使海上灾难成为过去。
This 1909 news article, The Triumph of Wireless, pretty much sums up the optimism of the time:
这篇 1909 年的新闻文章《无线电的胜利》，几乎总结了当时大众抱持的乐观情绪：
"The passenger on a well-equipped transatlantic liner is safer than anywhere else in the world."
“乘坐装备精良的跨大西洋班轮的乘客比世界上任何其他地方都安全。”
Just three years later...
仅仅三年后...
Heres what went wrong.
以下来解释问题出在哪里。
When the Titanic was built, regulations recommended that all passenger ships should be able to remain afloat with any two adjacent compartments flooded.
建造泰坦尼克号时，法规建议所有客船都应能够在任何两个相邻舱室被淹没的情况下保持漂浮状态。
I talked to Sam Halpern, an engineer and long time Titanic researcher who created this diagram based on data from a 1996 forensic analysis of the Titanics design.
我访谈了 Sam Halpern，他是一位工程师，也是长期研究泰坦尼克号的人员，他根据 1996 年对泰坦尼克号设计的取证分析数据创建了这张图表。
He showed me how the ship was built to stay afloat even with three — and in these scenarios up to four adjacent compartments flooded.
他向我展示了这艘船是如何建造的，即使有三个舱室也能保持漂浮——在这些情况下，多达四个相邻的舱室被淹没了。
The key was to keep the ship level so the waterline never reached the top of the bulkheads and flooded over into the other compartments.
关键是要保持船的水平，这样水位线就不会到达舱壁的顶部并淹没到其他舱室。
These scenarios show the ship was protected from almost any crash imaginable at the time including from rocks, colliding with another ship and even hitting an iceberg.
这些场景表明，这艘船几乎不会受到当时可以想象的到的任何碰撞的影响，包括岩石碰撞、与另一艘船相撞，甚至撞上冰山。
But the Titanic didnt hit the iceberg head on.
但泰坦尼克号并没有正面撞上冰山。
Instead, it scraped along the side of it.
相反地，它沿着冰山的侧面刮了一下。
And sonar analysis shows the ship was most likely breached here, here, here, here.
声纳分析显示这艘船的这些地方被破坏了。
And most crucially, here: Boiler Room six.
而最关键的是这里：六号锅炉房。
The movie actually does a really good job of explaining this so Im going to let Victor Garber take it from here.
这部电影其实针对这个问题解释的很好，所以我打算让维克多·贾博来讲解。
"Thats five compartments.
“那是五个隔间。
She can stay afloat with the first 4 compartments breach, but not 5."
这艘船在前四个隔间破裂的情况下仍可以保持漂浮状态，但不是五个都破裂就不行了。”
"Titanic will flounder.
“泰坦尼克号会完蛋。
It is a mathematical certainty."
这是数学证明的。”
Flooding the first 5 compartments overwhelmed the design.
淹没前五个隔间使船身的设计不堪重负。
It was just too many for the ship to stay upright.
水进得太多让船身无法保持直立。
And as the bow dipped farther into the ocean, the water flowed over the bulkheads, flooding the watertight compartments one at a time.
随着船首进一步沉入海洋中，水流过舱壁，一个一个地淹没水密舱室。
The Titanic sent out its first wireless distress call at 12:15 AM, 35 minutes after hitting the iceberg.
泰坦尼克号在撞上冰山 35 分钟后，于凌晨 12 点 15 分发出了第一个无线电求救信号。
From there, the messages became increasingly desperate.
从那以后，这些求救信号变得越来越绝望了。
"We have struck an iceberg."
“我们撞上了一座冰山。”
"We are sinking fast." and "Cannot last much longer. Women and children in boats."
“我们正在快速下沉。”和 “撑不了多久了。妇女跟孩童在救生船上了。“
But the nearest ship to the Titanic that night, SS Californian never got these messages.
但是那天晚上离泰坦尼克号最近的船，加州人号从来没有收到这些求救信号。
That ships sole wireless operator had turned off the radio for the night and gone to bed.
那艘船上唯一的无线电接线员已经关掉了晚上的无线电，然后上床睡觉了。
The Titanics wireless operators were communicating with other ships like the Olympic, and the Baltic that started to head to its coordinates but were a long way off.
泰坦尼克号的无线电操作员正在与奥林匹克号和波罗的海号等其他船只进行通信，它们开始驶向其坐标但距离很远。
The last message from the Titanic received by RMS Carpathia at 1:45 AM was "Engine room full up to boilers."
卡帕西亚号在凌晨 1 点 45 分从泰坦尼克号收到的最后一条消息是“机舱已淹满了”。
Without a rescue ship, all the Titanic had left was its lifeboats.
没有救援船的情况下，泰坦尼克号只剩下救生艇了。
By the time the Carpathia got there around 4 AM, the ship had disappeared into the ocean, taking down more than 1,500 passengers and crew with it.
当卡帕西亚号在凌晨 4 点左右到达那里时，这艘船已经消失在大海中，带走了 1500 多名乘客和船员的生命。
The only survivors were 706 people who made it into the Titanics lifeboats.
唯一幸存只有 706 人，他们登上了泰坦尼克号的救生艇。
The disaster permanently altered the publics view on the necessity of lifeboats.
这场灾难永久地改变了公众对救生艇必要性的看法。
You can see how quickly things changed when you compare this photo of RMS Olympic, Titanics near identical twin in 1911 to this one of the Olympic in 1912 immediately following the Titanic disaster,
当你比较这张 1911 年泰坦尼克号几乎一模一样的双胞胎船只奥林匹克好的照片与 1912 年泰坦尼克号灾难发生后立即拍摄的这张奥林匹克号照片时，你可以马上看到发生了变化，
showing double the number of lifeboats along the top deck.
照片显示顶层甲板上的救生艇数量增加了一倍。
The biggest impact of the Titanic disaster had on safety regulations and ship design was the enacting of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea or SOLAS,
泰坦尼克号灾难对安全法规和船舶设计的最大影响是因它制定了国际海上人命安全公约或简称 SOLAS，
a 1914 international treaty that required wireless telegraph communication to be active 24/7 and upped the lifeboat minimum to account for everyone on board.
这是一项 1914 年的国际条约，要求无线电报通信24小时处于活跃状态，并提高了救生艇的最低数量以考量到船上的每个人。
Today, SOLAS requires cruise ships to be able to accommodate 125% of the ships capacity in small boats in the event of emergency.
现在，SOLAS 要求游轮在紧急情况下能够容纳 125% 的小船载客量。
Ultimately, the Titanic disaster was less about a fatal flaw in design and more about tragic timing in the early days of wireless communication,
归根结底，泰坦尼克号的灾难与其说是致命的设计缺陷，不如说是无线通信早期的悲惨状况，
and a collision scenario too extreme to have been considered possible until it happened.
并且碰撞的过于严重以至于在它发生之前都被认为是可能的。
Oh, and one more thing about that foreshadowing lifeboat scene in Titanic.
哦，关于泰坦尼克号中那个预示救生艇场景的还有一件事没说。
"Waste of deck space as it is, on an unsinkable ship!"
“在一艘永不沉没的船上，放置这些真是浪费甲板空间！”
The Titanic was never advertised as unsinkable.
泰坦尼克号号从未被宣传为永不沉没。
Although this 1911 edition of the trade magazine, The Shipbuilder did describe both the Titanic and the Olympic as "practically unsinkable"
尽管这本 1911 年版的贸易杂志《造船专家》确实将泰坦尼克号和奥林匹克号描述为“几乎不会沉没”，
and there are reports from 1912 that some of the passengers who went down with the ship refused to believe it was really sinking.
还有 1912 年有报导称，一些随船沉没的乘客拒绝相信它真的沉没。
But the term only became widely associated with the Titanic in the media after the disaster.
但只有在灾难发生后，这个词才在媒体上与泰坦尼克号广泛连结。
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